Mark sent me this interesting article with his QSL card, and I was so impressed I asked if I could reprint it!  It was first published in NCJ (The National Contest Journal, published by the ARRL) for July/August 1998, pp 12-13  - Ed

Mark, K5AM in his homebrew shack.

This 50-year project was not all planned out from the beginning!  In 1948, as a typical high-school freshman in Wisconsin with a new ham license, I was trying to set up as W9ECV with a 25-cent weekly allowance.  Snow-shovelling jobs helped out in winter, and lawn mowing in summer.  Even so, there was no hope of buying a factory rig.  Thus my first one-tube transmitter and regenerative receiver were homebrew, built using salvaged parts from large 1930s-style AM broadcast receivers.  A few years later, I began to use the military surplus gear, which was such a bargain at that time.  Converting this gear to ham use provided a good deal of technical experience, mostly of the trial-and-error variety.  But 10 metres was in excellent condition, and the inexpensive war surplus receivers did not tune that high.  Necessity dictated the need for building a receiving converter.  That's when the homebrew bug first bit me for good.

The result 50 years later is a totally homebrew contest station.  At some point necessity ceased to be the driving force, but homebrewing continued because it was so much fun!  Transverters, amplifiers and numerous gadgets followed for decades.  By 1990 practically everything in the shack was homebrew, and I suddenly realized that only the transceiver stood in the way of a 100% homebrew station.  That's when a homebrew transceiver was planned.

The transceiver took three years to design and build.  It has dual VFOs, dual-receive, digital read-out, IF shift, RIT, RF speech clipping and filtering, panel-adjustable CW offset, a 200 Hz CW filter, a super- sensitive integrating squelch for SSB and CW (mainly for six metre DX), a high-performance, no-pop, no-click AGC circuit, a non-crunching noise blanker, and full CW break-in (QSK) with no dit shortening, no lag, and 50 wpm break-in ability.  I wanted optimum performance, no matter how long it took to build.  It needed only 142 transistors, 189 integrated circuits, 236 diodes and one 200-watt tube.  But no microprocessor, no synthesizer, and no phase-lock loops.  No phase noise, no spurs, and no birdies!

The K5AM contest station operates at 1500 watts on everything from 160 metre DX to two-metre moonbounce; a block diagram of the station is shown in Figure 1.  The oldest piece of gear in daily use was built while I was still in high school in 1951: a small six metre amp, now used as a driver.  My first three years of clumsy bread boarding are sadly lost and not available for on-the-air use.  This loss no doubt benefits nearby TV watchers.

It is typical for old-timers that old homebrew gear was not saved.  This reflects the fact that the gear was usually built simply to get on the air; homebrewing was done mainly out of necessity because the coveted factory equipment was often not affordable.  That old 1951 amp was given away in 1962 when it was replaced by a larger amp.  Only 25 years later, when the homebrew and boatanchor nostalgia set in, was it relocated thanks to the kind efforts of several friends.  It had changed hands five times, and was found in a garage under heaps of junk.  Now the gear in constant use at K5AM spans almost the full 50-year homebrewing effort.

All the gear was newly designed and built from scratch.  But I was not about to reinvent the superheterodyne.  Each project begins with a thorough study of the handbooks and relevant magazine articles.  I glean ideas from all previous builders, to whom many thanks are due.  Design means selecting and choosing the best ideas which will help produce the intended results.  Individual circuits are described in the handbooks; the real design work is to combine them into a complete functioning unit.  Getting a whole station built in a finite interval of time meant using mostly tried-and-true methods, and setting to work without trying to invent a new circuit for each stage.  Only a few circuits are truly new: a self-adjusting, splatter-stopping ALC circuit for tetrodes, an integrating squelch, a non-crunching noise blanker, and a high-performance AGC system.  I've written up these new circuits for the ham magazines, along with a few of the other designs.  References are listed at the end of the article.

This station is used in the most demanding situations: from 160 metre DX with weak signals and high noise levels, to Sweepstakes on 20 metres with heavy QRM, to VHF contesting with rock-crunching local signals, to two metre moonbounce work with infinitesimal signals.  Each piece of gear is subject to continual testing, update and improvement.  Building simple gear for casual operating and cross- town ragchews is a fine way to get started in homebrewing and to gain design experience.  I soon discovered, however, that achieving state-of-the-art, contest-grade performance is a totally different ball game.

The rig is shown in the title photo.  All the gear is built on 19-inch black rack panels.  The large heavy amplifiers are stacked in the six-foot rack.  The transceiver and smaller items are installed on adjustable pine shelving, to allow easy access and rearrangement.  No attempt is made at miniaturization; ample space is allowed in each item for thorough shielding and filtering, and for uncountably many future modifications and improvements.  With hinged boards and other devices, provision is made for instant accessibility to allow easy servicing and experimentation.  I did receive some essential help in building this gear: one difficult problem was in laying out the panels to achieve a pleasing appearance.  Luckily, my XYL Lisa is a professional artist, and most of the panels were designed with her assistance.

There is also another, more rigorous, conception of homebrewing.  Some truly amazing hams also design and build their mikes, keys, headphones, CW memory keyers, paddles, voice recorders, towers, antennas, rotators, RF power meters, DSP filters - even test gear and vacuum tubes!  To leave ample time for my job, and for working DX and contests, I had to compromise.  All those accessory items I buy ready-made.  I like building the major items on the rack panels, and find the RF and circuit work intriguing.

Lack of test gear is often thought to be an insurmountable hurdle to homebrewing, but it needn't be.  I built and aligned the entire station using inexpensive WWII surplus and Heathkit test gear.  Some of the Heath gear I built and some I bought for a song at flea markets.  WWII surplus and Heath test gear can still be found at hamfests.  Formal training is not required, either.  I've never taken any courses in electronics, but the handbooks have all the required information.  Nor are fancy computer programs needed.  Homebrewing for serious DX and contest work is not like advanced development work.  All the required formulas are found in the handbooks; they involve no more than the simplest high-school algebra.  No one calculates by hand nowadays; the formulas are easily entered into a small programmable calculator, conveniently situated next to the soldering iron.  (In earlier days, we used slide-rules, and a few wonderful sliding cardboard nomographic rules.)

Does this station come out on top in every contest?  No, hardly ever.  Devoting so much effort to building the rigs leaves little time for planting a ‘big gun’ antenna farm.  I am quite content to be one of the ‘little pistols’ and just have fun.  A contest is a merciless test of the equipment; I feel like a winner if none of the homebrew gear breaks down during a contest, and in 50 years it never has.  The June VHF contest is my favourite; I held the division record for five years, put up the top nationwide six metre score several times, and once blasted through the eastern monopoly to win a place in the top ten.  On HF, my best effort was a division sticker for the ARRL SSB DX contest, way back when it was a 96 hour two-weekend marathon.  Lately, I can always win an HF single-band DX certificate - provided no one else in my area competes in the same category.  In the moonbounce contest, with only a single two metre yagi aimed at the horizon for moonrise and moonset, being in the top ten would be an absurd dream, but last year I finally achieved my long-standing goal and got out of the bottom ten.

Ham radio and homebrewing greatly influenced my career choice.  At a very early age I built a battery-operated one-tube receiver; it was beautiful, but it didn't receive anything.  I looked for information on receivers at the local library, but found the formulas in the electronics books bewildering.  That kid sure wanted that receiver to work, so he had to teach himself algebra.  Thus ham radio, contesting and homebrewing were crucial steps to college, three years at sea as a deck officer in the U.S.  Navy, graduate school, a PhD, and a university research career as a professor in pure mathematics.

Ham radio provided a serious challenge to high-school kids in the 1940s.  Young people need serious challenges to capture their enthusiasm and steer them in worthwhile directions.  The ham radio challenge in the 1940s was technical; no easy paths were obligingly laid down.  The exams were tough and required schematic diagram drawing; entry level was 13 words per minute.  A ham ticket required a serious effort, and was considered a highly-valued accomplishment.

Are there more projects planned for the K5AM workbench?  A few possibilities, perhaps.  But for now, planned improvements to the existing gear will keep me busy for several years.  Also, I've recently come down with a bad case of boatanchor fever.  My HRO, Super-Pro, 75A-4, BC-348, KWM-2, Harvey-Wells, ART-13, Ranger, DX-100, Goony-Bird, and several other wards all need time and TLC.

I've also been spending much time setting up a new VHF contest station at 7900 feet on the north slope of Horse Mountain (grid locator DM54wa).  The heavy, bulky homebrew gear stays home; it would take a week to move it for each contest.  Thus the mountain station uses the latest modern, factory-built, store-bought gear.  Yes, all the bells and whistles are great fun.  Then why am I always so happy to get back home and operate the old-fashioned homebrew gear?  It performs a whole lot better!

Selected articles by the author

High S.W.R. Protection for Transceivers and Amplifiers, CQ, May, 1980, 63-65.

ALC for Class AB1 Amplifiers, QST, July, 1986, 38-39, 47.

Antenna Relay Sequencing, Ham Radio, October, 1987, 17-26.

A Sensitive Integrating Squelch, QST, August, 1988, 27-29.

Amplifier Cool-Down Circuits, QST, March, 1989, 35-36.

Protecting Power Tetrodes, QST, November, 1989, 22-25.

A Low-Drive, High-Power All-Band Tetrode Linear Amplifier, CQ, July, 1990, 60-65.

Evasive Noise Blanking, QEX, August, 1993, 3-6.

An Automatic, Remote Antenna-Tuning Controller, QST, September, 1995, 46-49.

A High-Performance AGC System for Home-Brew Transceivers, QEX, October, 1995, 12-22. [Corrections in QEX, Jul/Aug 2000, p.59.]

The AMSAFID: An Automatic Microphone Switcher Amplifier Filter Integrator Distributor, QST, November, 1995, 47-49.

A Luxury Linear, QEX, May, 1996, 3-12.  (Photos also in QST, Jul 1996, p.19.)

Design Notes for "A Luxury Linear" Amplifier, QEX, November, 1996, 13-20.

A Homebrew Contest Station, NCJ, July/August, 1998, 12-13. (Photo also in QST, February 1999, p.84.)

A High-Performance Homebrew Transceiver: Part 1, QEX, Mar/Apr, 1999, 16-24. [General plan] http://www.arrl.org/members-only/tis/info/pdf/990304qex016.pdf

A High-Performance Homebrew Transceiver: Part 2, QEX, Sept/Oct, 1999, 3-8.  [IF board; notes in QEX, Nov/Dec 2000, p.60.]  http://www.arrl.org/members-only/tis/info/pdf/990910qex003.pdf

A High-Performance Homebrew Transceiver: Part 3, QEX, Nov/Dec, 1999, 41-51.  [RF board; corrections in QEX, Jul/Aug 2000, p.59, and in QEX, Nov/Dec 2000, p.60.]  http://www.arrl.org/members-only/tis/info/pdf/991112qex041.pdf

A High-Performance Homebrew Transceiver: Part 4, QEX, Jan/Feb, 2000, 47-56.  [AF board] http://www.arrl.org/members-only/tis/info/pdf/000102qex047.pdf

A High-Performance Homebrew Transceiver: Part 5, QEX, Mar/Apr, 2000, 23-37.  [Logic board, etc; corrections in QEX, Nov/Dec 2000, p.60.]  http://www.arrl.org/members-only/tis/info/pdf/000304qex023.pdf

HF Circuits for a Homebrew Transceiver, QEX, Nov/Dec, 2001, 20-42.

Information about obtaining copies of QEX and QST articles may be found at http://www.arrl.org/qex/#copies, http://www.arrl.org/members-only/artcopies.html and reprints@arrl.org.

Fig 1.  K5AM contest station block diagram.  To obtain very high dynamic range and to minimize spurious responses, the rig uses an overall total of only two mixing conversions on each band from 1.8 to 144 MHz.  This configuration differs from common practice, so there are some semantic problems in describing it.  The ‘transceiver’ proper consists only of the IF panel, tuning 40 to 39 MHz, with a 9 MHz second IF.  The front-end section for MF/HF is on a separate panel.  The separate front-end panels for six metres and two metres, also with 40-39 MHz output, were formerly called  ‘transverters’.  Each front-end section employs high-side local oscillator injection, virtually eliminating images and spurious responses.

To obtain the cleanest signal possible, the station uses class A transistor stages up to 2 watts, and then only tubes - class AB1 tetrodes.  The diagram indicates the power (in watts) available from each unit and also the (lesser) power required by the next.  The resulting headroom yields the best IMD performance.  Overall gain is controlled at the milliwatt level in each front-end.  To prevent splatter, ALC runs from each driver and each high-power amplifier back to the corresponding front-end panel, with ALC metering at the transceiver.  There are no diodes in the signal path at any point in the station.

The 8072 is a conduction-cooled tetrode, identical to the well- known 8122 except that the 8072 (with no air-cooling fins) clamps onto a heat sink.  The (neutralized) 8072 driver amp for two metres has 26 dB gain.

The Eimac 4-400A bottles used in push-pull on six metres are the originals - only 37 years old and still running at full output!

UKSMG Six News issue 72, February 2002